In fall 1857 in southern Utah about 100 men in the Iron County Militia were involved in the disastrous Mountain Meadows Massacre.
•Who were the members of the 450-man militia?
•Who were those involved in the massacre?
This site is designed to facilitate exchanging information about the 1857 militia and its members, to answer questions as accurately as the historical record will allow and to increase understanding.
A Forum on the 1857 Iron County Militiamen - - -
Providing Information on the Militiamen and Setting in Southern Utah - - - Exploring the Militia's Involvment in the Mountain Meadows Massacre
Welcome
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1857 Iron County Militia Project
Introduction
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In 1857, there were approximately 450 men in the Iron County militia. At the outbreak of the Utah War of 1857-58, rumors of invasion by the United States Army set the militia in motion. Militiamen were organizing, drilling, patrolling, scouting and carrying expresses. Infamously, about a hundred militiamen were involved in the Mountain Meadows Massacre. Who were the members of the 450-man militia? Who were those involved in the massacre?
This site explores the events in southern Utah at the outset of the Utah War. The Iron County militia was Tenth Regiment of the territorial militia and was also known as the Iron Military District. It was the local militia unit in southern Utah.
As word of the approach of the United States expeditionary army reached Utah, particularly southern Utah, it touched off fears of invasion and dispossession. This was due to the experiences of many Mormons in the Mid-West. Because of conflicts with the original settlers in these locales they were driven from their homes and lands, first in western Missouri, then in western Illinois.
The misunderstanding over the intentions of the approaching army touched off a conflict known as the Utah War of 1857-58. By August 1857, the southern Utah militia had been reorganized and was on heightened alert. They undertook what seemed vital at the time: harvesting grain, caching foodstuffs, guarding the approaches to southern Utah, sending scouting parties in search of the approaching army and surveilling passing emigrant trains.
As this crisis broke, disaster befell the first passing train, the Fancher-Baker party, at Mountain Meadows. This site discusses the unfolding crisis and ensuing massacre. It also provides biographical sketches of many of the militiamen. Our desire is to provide the most accurate information possible. We solicit feedback and corrections from our visitors. We will update the site with corrected information. We appreciate your comments and feedback. Thank you for visiting!
Send comments or corrections to 1857militia@earthlink.net.
A Word About Tone
Occurring at the outset of the Utah War of 1857-1858, the Mountain Meadows Massacre was an appalling war-time atrocity. Yet regardless of whether we view it as war crime, religiously-motivated revenge, or mass killing arising from war hysteria and moral panic, from any vantage point it was a horrific and unjustified slaughter. From 1857 to the present, the fact that the wagontrain was lured to its doom by deceptive promises of protection impresses us with the enormity of the crime while the fact that the large majority of the victims were women and children only increases our sense of its outrageousness. Even the militiamen came to see it as a catastrophe and some saw in hindsight that their cynical deception was cowardly.
Yet at this site, as we portray the militiamen responsible for the massacre, every effort will be made to present their lives before and after the massacre in a neutral and dispassionate manner. After a century and a half the massacre is now history. Although many books, articles and websites still present the massacre with impassioned outrage, such passion frequently clouds judgment and detracts from the basic task of understanding the complexity of its origins and causes. Although we share with other a sense of its horrific enormity, the tone we strive for here is a dispassionate impartiality. In the end, this approach will aid us in comprehending how this frightful disaster occurred.
What Did Militiamen Say About the Massacre?
The brief article on the fourteen militiamen who admitted being present at or involved in the massacre is here. It identifies and provides background on these fourteen militiamen. For individual articles on these fourteen militiamen including biographical sketches and a brief summary of their statements about the massacre, see Joseph Clews, William Edwards, John M. Higbee, Nephi Johnson, Philip Klingensmith, Samuel Knight, John D. Lee, Daniel Macfarlane, Samuel McMurdie, James Pearce, Samuel Pollock, Joel White, Elliott Willden and William Young.
Can we possibly rely on any of their statements? Here, as every detective, judge, criminologist and historian knows, the key is confessions combined with corroboration. The brief article, A Method for Sifting Militia Accounts, introduces some of the main issues in distinguishing confessions and incidental detail from a variety of more questionable or blame-shifting statements -- evasions, denials and accusations against others.
"Every Man His Own Historian," Carl Becker famously declared in 1931 to the American Historical Association. And certainly, on this continually controversial topic, it is necessary that every man and women be his or her own historian. Each one must weigh the controversies to get at the truth. The article, Historiography of the Massacre, briefly sketches some of the major treatments of the massacre in the past century and a half. But with the historical treatments at such variance with one another, you must be prepared to be your own historian -- to sift the evidence and draw your own conclusions.
Eyewitnesses and Sources to the Mountain Meadows Massacre identifies the witnesses who offered written statements concerning the massacre or important particulars before or after it.
Who Were the Other Militiamen
at the Massacre?
Who were the principal religious and military leaders in southern Utah involved in planning the events from the First Attack to the Final Massacre? The key five planners/leaders were Colonel William H. Dame, Major Isaac C. Haight, Major John M. Higbee, Major John D. Lee and Private (Bishop) Philip Klingensmith.
In the years following the massacre, many of the militiamen who were drawn into the disaster came to blame these five for initiating the First Attack and/or the Final Massacre. Clink on each name for their background.
Who were the other militia who participated, or at least were on the ground, at the time of the final massacre? Click on each of the following names for the background on the other militiamen involved in the massacre. For some of these men, their presence at Mountain Meadows at the time of the massacre is confirmed from multiple sources. Remember, however, that for others, only one source identifies them as participants. Thus, the reliability of these latter identifications is subject to some doubt. Bearing that caveat in mind, the other militiamen who have been identified as participants are George Washington Adair, Samuel Adair, Ira Allen, Andrew A. Allen, Benjamin A. Arthur, William Bateman, Thomas H. Cartwright, John W. Clark, Ezra H. Curtis, William R. Davies, Jabez Durfee/Durfey, Eleazer Edwards, Columbus R. Freeman, Oscar Hamblin, Richard Harrison, Ira Hatch, William S. Hawley, Charles Hopkins, John S. Humphries, George Hunter, Alexander G. Ingram, John Jacobs, Swen Jacobs, Samuel Jewkes/Jukes, Dudley Leavitt, Alexander H. Loveridge, John M. Macfarlane, James M. Mangum, John Mangum, Sims L. Matheny, James N. Mathews, Jebez Nowlin, Harrison Pearce, John Price, William S. Riggs, Don Carlos (Carl) Shirts, William R. Slade, William Slade,  Joseph Smith, William C. Stewart, Anthony J. Stratton, William Tait, Amos G. Thornton, David W. Tullis, Oscar Tyler, John M. Urie, John Weston/Western, Robert Wiley, John Willden and James Williamson.[
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Other Questions
What Was the Background of the Militiamen?
Now that we know the identity of the involved militiamen, how old were they and what was their social and familial relationships? What was their ethnic background? From what regions or countries did they come?
For the militiamens' ages and social backgrounds, see here.
For their regional or ethnic backgrounds, see here.
(Other topics and links are under construction)
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