John M. Higbee - Revision history

1857admin: /* Migration to Utah */

2014-01-06T07:12:39Z

Migration to Utah

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:12, 6 January 2014
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	In 1846, the Higbees were forced from their settlements in western Illinois. Higbee's grandmother Sophia Higbee died while they crossed Iowa territory. From Higbee's perspective, the Illinois dispossession made the fourth time that he and his family had been "driven."		In 1846, the Higbees were forced from their settlements in western Illinois. Higbee's grandmother Sophia Higbee died while they crossed Iowa territory. From Higbee's perspective, the Illinois dispossession made the fourth time that he and his family had been "driven."

	In 1847, his father, John S. Higbee~~, 30~~, was recruited ~~into~~ the ~~company of~~ Mormon pioneers ~~who led the~~ western migration. John M. Higbee, his mother, younger sisters and brother arrived in the Salt Lake Valley later that fall as part of the "big company" that trailed behind the pioneer company.		In 1847, his father, John S. Higbee, was recruited to join the first Mormon pioneers to continue their western migration to the valley of the Great Salt Lake.
			[[Image:Mormon Trail.jpg\|thumb\|center\|700px\|<center>'''The Mormon Trail'''</center>]]

			Young John and the rest of the family followed behind their father. They joined the Abraham O. Smoot - George B. Wallace Company. They passed the usual milestones on the trail: Fort Kearney, the South Fork of the Platte River, Chimney Rock, Fort Laramie, the Sweetwater River, Independence Rock, Devil's Gate, Green River, Fort Bridger, Bear River, and Weber River. After suffering the usual hardships of overland trail, John M. Higbee, his mother, younger sisters and brother arrived in the Salt Lake Valley later that fall as part of the "big company" that trailed behind the pioneer company.

	=== Pioneering in Utah County ===		=== Pioneering in Utah County ===

1857admin: /* Leaving and Returning to Cedar City */

2013-12-19T10:20:32Z

Leaving and Returning to Cedar City

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:20, 19 December 2013
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	=== Leaving and Returning to Cedar City ===		=== Leaving and Returning to Cedar City ===

	In 1858, the Higbee family was among those who departed Cedar City. Higbee, [[Samuel_Pollock\|Samuel Pollock]] and others traveled to lower Ash Creek, below Fort Harmony and near the encampment of the Paiute headman Toquer. There they founded the new settlement of Toquerville. In 1859, Higbee heard that federal officials supported by government troops from northern Utah were coming to arrest those complicit in the massacre. Later that year Federal Indian Superintendent Jacob Forney prepared a list of the "most guilty" in the massacre. He named Isaac Haight, [[Ira Hatch\|Ira Hatch]], [[John M. Higbee\|John Higbee]], [[Philip Klingensmith\|Philip Klingensmith]], [[John D. Lee\|John D. Lee]], [[David W. Tullis\|David Tullis]], and William Davies (the ~~later~~ was probably not involved at all). Later that year, Higbee was among the accused in Judge John Cradlebaugh's arrest warrant.		In 1858, the Higbee family was among those who departed Cedar City. Higbee, [[Samuel_Pollock\|Samuel Pollock]] and others traveled to lower Ash Creek, below Fort Harmony and near the encampment of the Paiute headman Toquer. There they founded the new settlement of Toquerville. In 1859, Higbee heard that federal officials supported by government troops from northern Utah were coming to arrest those complicit in the massacre. Later that year Federal Indian Superintendent Jacob Forney prepared a list of the "most guilty" in the massacre. He named Isaac Haight, [[Ira Hatch\|Ira Hatch]], [[John M. Higbee\|John Higbee]], [[Philip Klingensmith\|Philip Klingensmith]], [[John D. Lee\|John D. Lee]], [[David W. Tullis\|David Tullis]], and William Davies (the latter was probably not involved at all). Later that year, Higbee was among the accused in Judge John Cradlebaugh's arrest warrant.

	By 1866, Higbee had returned to Cedar City. During the Black Hawk War, Higbee was a captain of a local militia unit and led various militia operations including one into the high country of the Sevier River Valley east of Cedar City.		By 1866, Higbee had returned to Cedar City. During the Black Hawk War, Higbee was a captain of a local militia unit and led various militia operations including one into the high country of the Sevier River Valley east of Cedar City.

1857admin: /* Leaving and Returning to Cedar City */

2013-12-05T09:04:41Z

Leaving and Returning to Cedar City

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:04, 5 December 2013
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	=== Leaving and Returning to Cedar City ===		=== Leaving and Returning to Cedar City ===

	In 1858, the Higbee family was among those who departed Cedar City. Higbee, [[Samuel_Pollock\|Samuel Pollock]] and others traveled to lower Ash Creek, below Fort Harmony and near the encampment of the Paiute headman Toquer. There they founded the new settlement of Toquerville. In 1859, Higbee was among the accused in Judge John Cradlebaugh's arrest warrant.		In 1858, the Higbee family was among those who departed Cedar City. Higbee, [[Samuel_Pollock\|Samuel Pollock]] and others traveled to lower Ash Creek, below Fort Harmony and near the encampment of the Paiute headman Toquer. There they founded the new settlement of Toquerville. In 1859, Higbee heard that federal officials supported by government troops from northern Utah were coming to arrest those complicit in the massacre. Later that year Federal Indian Superintendent Jacob Forney prepared a list of the "most guilty" in the massacre. He named Isaac Haight, [[Ira Hatch\|Ira Hatch]], [[John M. Higbee\|John Higbee]], [[Philip Klingensmith\|Philip Klingensmith]], [[John D. Lee\|John D. Lee]], [[David W. Tullis\|David Tullis]], and William Davies (the later was probably not involved at all). Later that year, Higbee was among the accused in Judge John Cradlebaugh's arrest warrant.

	By 1866, Higbee had returned to Cedar City. During the Black Hawk War, Higbee was a captain of a local militia unit and led various militia operations including one into the high country of the Sevier River Valley east of Cedar City.		By 1866, Higbee had returned to Cedar City. During the Black Hawk War, Higbee was a captain of a local militia unit and led various militia operations including one into the high country of the Sevier River Valley east of Cedar City.

1857admin at 08:59, 2 March 2012

2012-03-02T08:59:51Z

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	<br>		<br>

			<br>

	= Biographical Sketch =		= Biographical Sketch =

1857admin at 08:58, 2 March 2012

2012-03-02T08:58:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:58, 2 March 2012
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	Several years later, they moved to southern Utah. In 1853, Higbee married Ohio native Mary Clark (1833-1918) who was to bear him eleven children. In 1860, he married English emigrant Eunice Blanden (1844-1908), the daughter of Thomas Bladen, the chief engineer of the new ironworks. She eventually bore him eight children. In the mid-1850s, Higbee was president of the Cedar Dramatic Association and a counselor to Isaac C. Haight in the Cedar City stake (diocese) presidency.		Several years later, they moved to southern Utah. In 1853, Higbee married Ohio native Mary Clark (1833-1918) who was to bear him eleven children. In 1860, he married English emigrant Eunice Blanden (1844-1908), the daughter of Thomas Bladen, the chief engineer of the new ironworks. She eventually bore him eight children. In the mid-1850s, Higbee was president of the Cedar Dramatic Association and a counselor to Isaac C. Haight in the Cedar City stake (diocese) presidency.

			==== The Deseret Iron Company ====

	In moving to Cedar City, Higbee was settling in an area dominated by the Deseret Iron Company, known more familiarly as the Ironworks. See [[Summary of Deseret Iron Company]] for a brief summary of its early development.		In moving to Cedar City, Higbee was settling in an area dominated by the Deseret Iron Company, known more familiarly as the Ironworks. See [[Summary of Deseret Iron Company]] for a brief summary of its early development.
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	=== In the Iron Military District: Major John M. Higbee, 3rd Battalion, Cedar City ===		=== In the Iron Military District: Major John M. Higbee, 3rd Battalion, Cedar City ===
			[[Image:Map southern utah 1.jpg\|left\|300px]]

			In 1857, the Iron Military District consisted of four battalions led by regimental commander [[William_H._Dame\|Col. William H. Dame.]] The platoons and companies in the first battalion drew on men in and around Parowan. (It had no involvement at Mountain Meadows.) [[Isaac_C._Haight\|Major Isaac Haight]] commanded the 2nd Battalion whose personnel in its many platoons and two companies came from Cedar City and outer-lying communities to the north such as Fort Johnson. [[John_M._Higbee\|Major John Higbee]] headed the 3rd Battalion whose many platoons and two companies were drawn from Cedar City and outer-lying communities to the southwest such as Fort Hamilton. [[John_D._Lee\|Major John D. Lee]] of Fort Harmony headed the 4th Battalion whose platoons and companies drew on its militia personnel from Fort Harmony, the Southerners at the newly-founded settlement in Washington, the Indian interpreters at Fort Clara, and the new settlers at Pinto.

	[[Image:Higbee john m.jpg\|right\|265px\|Higbee john m.jpg]]		[[Image:Higbee john m.jpg\|right\|265px\|Higbee john m.jpg]]
			In June 1857, Higbee was captain of Company D in the Iron Military District, but during the militia reorganization that summer, Higbee was promoted to major of the 3rd Battalion, most of whose companies and platoons were from Cedar City. See [[A Basic Account]] for a full description of the massacre.
	~~[[Image:Map southern utah 1.jpg\|left\|300px\|Map southern utah 1.jpg]]~~In June 1857, Higbee was captain of Company D in the Iron Military District, but during the militia reorganization that summer, Higbee was promoted to major of the 3rd Battalion, most of whose companies and platoons were from Cedar City. See [[A Basic Account]] for a full description of the massacre.

	After the first attack on the emigrant train on Monday, September 7, Higbee led a detachment of militiamen from Cedar City that arrived at Mountain Meadows on Tuesday, the 8th. Between then and the massacre on September 11, Higbee carried expresses between the Meadows and Cedar City.		After the first attack on the emigrant train on Monday, September 7, Higbee led a detachment of militiamen from Cedar City that arrived at Mountain Meadows on Tuesday, the 8th. Between then and the massacre on September 11, Higbee carried expresses between the Meadows and Cedar City.
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	=== Higbee Goes into Hiding After Being Indicted for his Role in the Massacre ===		=== Higbee Goes into Hiding After Being Indicted for his Role in the Massacre ===
	[[Image:Higbee, JM.jpg\|right\|300px\|Higbee, JM.jpg]]		[[Image:Higbee, JM.jpg\|right\|300px\|Higbee, JM.jpg]]

	The same year he was among nine Iron County militiamen indicted for murder stemming from the 1857 massacre. As arrests were made, Higbee, [[Isaac C. Haight\|Isaac Haight]] and [[William C. Stewart\|William Stewart]] fled. The 1880 census lists his wives, Mary with seven children and Eunice with six, living next door to each other in Cedar City. Higbee was absent, reportedly in Arizona. But funding and enthusiasm for prosecuting the massacre perpetrators waned in the 1880s. In the 1890s, the criminal case was still technically pending but federal officials had not actively pursued it for years. In those years, Higbee eventually returned to Cedar City.		The same year he was among nine Iron County militiamen indicted for murder stemming from the 1857 massacre. As arrests were made, Higbee, [[Isaac C. Haight\|Isaac Haight]] and [[William C. Stewart\|William Stewart]] fled. The 1880 census lists his wives, Mary with seven children and Eunice with six, living next door to each other in Cedar City. Higbee was absent, reportedly in Arizona. But funding and enthusiasm for prosecuting the massacre perpetrators waned in the 1880s. In the 1890s, the criminal case was still technically pending but federal officials had not actively pursued it for years. In those years, Higbee eventually returned to Cedar City.

1857admin: /* To Cedar City and the Ironworks */

2012-03-02T06:34:15Z

To Cedar City and the Ironworks

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:34, 2 March 2012
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	=== To Cedar City and the Ironworks ===		=== To Cedar City and the Ironworks ===
	[[Image:Sketch - Iron works.jpg\|right\|thumb\|The Early Ironworks in Cedar City~~\|400px~~]]		[[Image:Sketch - Iron works.jpg\|right\|thumb\|400px\|<center>'''The Early Ironworks in Cedar City'''</center>]]

	Several years later, they moved to southern Utah. In 1853, Higbee married Ohio native Mary Clark (1833-1918) who was to bear him eleven children. In 1860, he married English emigrant Eunice Blanden (1844-1908), the daughter of Thomas Bladen, the chief engineer of the new ironworks. She eventually bore him eight children. In the mid-1850s, Higbee was president of the Cedar Dramatic Association and a counselor to Isaac C. Haight in the Cedar City stake (diocese) presidency.		Several years later, they moved to southern Utah. In 1853, Higbee married Ohio native Mary Clark (1833-1918) who was to bear him eleven children. In 1860, he married English emigrant Eunice Blanden (1844-1908), the daughter of Thomas Bladen, the chief engineer of the new ironworks. She eventually bore him eight children. In the mid-1850s, Higbee was president of the Cedar Dramatic Association and a counselor to Isaac C. Haight in the Cedar City stake (diocese) presidency.

	In moving to Cedar City, Higbee was settling in an area dominated by the Deseret Iron Company, known more familiarly as the Ironworks. See [[Summary of Deseret Iron Company]] for a brief summary of its early development.		In moving to Cedar City, Higbee was settling in an area dominated by the Deseret Iron Company, known more familiarly as the Ironworks. See [[Summary of Deseret Iron Company]] for a brief summary of its early development.

			==== The Ironworks in 1857 ====

	In April 1857, the delivery of a new steam engine from Great Salt Lake City seemed to breathe new life for the Ironworks. Working from April to June they installed the steam engine and completed the new engine house. In the first week of July, they were ready to begin smelting. They “put on the blast” and had a modicum of success. But they continued to be plagued with problems ranging from poor quality raw materials to smelting equipment that lacked technical sophistication. When in late July the steam engine seized with sand from the dirty creek water, they speedily dug a reservoir to store a supply of clean water for the boiler. They continued making smelting runs through August. All the while crews at the ironworks manned all the necessary functions there, while other crews, mainly miners and teamsters, gathered the raw materials – iron ore, coal, limestone, and wood – necessary to sustain smelting.		In April 1857, the delivery of a new steam engine from Great Salt Lake City seemed to breathe new life for the Ironworks. Working from April to June they installed the steam engine and completed the new engine house. In the first week of July, they were ready to begin smelting. They “put on the blast” and had a modicum of success. But they continued to be plagued with problems ranging from poor quality raw materials to smelting equipment that lacked technical sophistication. When in late July the steam engine seized with sand from the dirty creek water, they speedily dug a reservoir to store a supply of clean water for the boiler. They continued making smelting runs through August. All the while crews at the ironworks manned all the necessary functions there, while other crews, mainly miners and teamsters, gathered the raw materials – iron ore, coal, limestone, and wood – necessary to sustain smelting.
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	From late April to September, those working up the canyon in mining or hauling wood, coal, limestone, rock, sand or “adobies” to the ironworks were [[Isaac C. Haight\|Isaac C. Haight]], [[James Williamson\|James Williamson]], [[George Hunter\|George Hunter]], [[Joseph H. Smith\|Joseph H. Smith]], [[Ira Allen\|Ira Allen]], [[Ellott Willden\|Ellott Wilden]], [[Swen Jacobs\|Swen Jacobs]], [[Alexander_H._Loveridge\|Alex Loveridge]], [[Joel White\|Joel White]], [[Ezra H. Curtis\|Ezra Curtis]], [[Samuel McMurdie\|Samuel McMurdie]], [[Samuel Pollock\|Samuel Pollock]], [[John Jacobs\|John Jacobs]], [[John M. Higbee\|John M. Higbee]], [[John M. Macfarlane\|John M. Macfarlane]], [[Samuel Jewkes\|Samuel Jewkes]], [[Nephi Johnson\|Nephi Johnson]], [[Thomas H. Cartwright\|Thomas Cartwright]], [[William Bateman\|William Bateman]], Elias Morris, [[Benjamin A. Arthur\|Benjamin Arthur]], [[Joseph H. Smith\|Joseph H. Smith]], [[Robert Wiley\|Robert Wiley]], and [[Philip Klingensmith\|Philip Klingensmith]]. Those working at the ironworks on the furnace, engine, coke ovens or blacksmith shop included Elias Morris, [[John S. Humphries\|John Humphries]], [[Ira Allen\|Ira Allen]], [[John M. Urie\|John Urie]], [[Benjamin A. Arthur\|Benjamin Arthur]], [[James Williamson\|James Williamson]], [[Joseph H. Smith\|Joseph H. Smith]], [[Samuel Jewkes\|Samuel Jewkes]], [[Joseph Clews\|Joseph Clews]], [[Richard Harrison\|Richard Harrison]], [[William C. Stewart\|William C. Stewart]], [[William Bateman\|William Bateman]], [[John M. Macfarlane\|John M Macfarlane]], [[John M. Higbee\|John M. Higbee]], [[John Jacobs\|John Jacobs]], [[George Hunter\|George Hunter]], [[Samuel Pollock\|Samuel Pollock]], [[William S. Riggs\|William S. Riggs]], [[Alexander_H._Loveridge\|Alex Loveridge]], [[Ellott Willden\|Ellott Wilden]], [[Ezra H. Curtis\|Ezra Curtis]], [[Eleazer Edwards\|Eliezar Edwards]], [[Swen Jacobs\|Swen Jacobs]], [[Joel White\|Joel White]], and [[Thomas H. Cartwright\|Thomas Cartwright]]. (The two lists overlap because some worked both in the canyon and at the Ironworks.) Other prominent figures at the ironworks who were not later involved at Mountain Meadows were Samuel Leigh, George Horton, James H. Haslem, Laban Morrell, John Chatterley, Thomas Gower, Thomas Crowther and others.		From late April to September, those working up the canyon in mining or hauling wood, coal, limestone, rock, sand or “adobies” to the ironworks were [[Isaac C. Haight\|Isaac C. Haight]], [[James Williamson\|James Williamson]], [[George Hunter\|George Hunter]], [[Joseph H. Smith\|Joseph H. Smith]], [[Ira Allen\|Ira Allen]], [[Ellott Willden\|Ellott Wilden]], [[Swen Jacobs\|Swen Jacobs]], [[Alexander_H._Loveridge\|Alex Loveridge]], [[Joel White\|Joel White]], [[Ezra H. Curtis\|Ezra Curtis]], [[Samuel McMurdie\|Samuel McMurdie]], [[Samuel Pollock\|Samuel Pollock]], [[John Jacobs\|John Jacobs]], [[John M. Higbee\|John M. Higbee]], [[John M. Macfarlane\|John M. Macfarlane]], [[Samuel Jewkes\|Samuel Jewkes]], [[Nephi Johnson\|Nephi Johnson]], [[Thomas H. Cartwright\|Thomas Cartwright]], [[William Bateman\|William Bateman]], Elias Morris, [[Benjamin A. Arthur\|Benjamin Arthur]], [[Joseph H. Smith\|Joseph H. Smith]], [[Robert Wiley\|Robert Wiley]], and [[Philip Klingensmith\|Philip Klingensmith]]. Those working at the ironworks on the furnace, engine, coke ovens or blacksmith shop included Elias Morris, [[John S. Humphries\|John Humphries]], [[Ira Allen\|Ira Allen]], [[John M. Urie\|John Urie]], [[Benjamin A. Arthur\|Benjamin Arthur]], [[James Williamson\|James Williamson]], [[Joseph H. Smith\|Joseph H. Smith]], [[Samuel Jewkes\|Samuel Jewkes]], [[Joseph Clews\|Joseph Clews]], [[Richard Harrison\|Richard Harrison]], [[William C. Stewart\|William C. Stewart]], [[William Bateman\|William Bateman]], [[John M. Macfarlane\|John M Macfarlane]], [[John M. Higbee\|John M. Higbee]], [[John Jacobs\|John Jacobs]], [[George Hunter\|George Hunter]], [[Samuel Pollock\|Samuel Pollock]], [[William S. Riggs\|William S. Riggs]], [[Alexander_H._Loveridge\|Alex Loveridge]], [[Ellott Willden\|Ellott Wilden]], [[Ezra H. Curtis\|Ezra Curtis]], [[Eleazer Edwards\|Eliezar Edwards]], [[Swen Jacobs\|Swen Jacobs]], [[Joel White\|Joel White]], and [[Thomas H. Cartwright\|Thomas Cartwright]]. (The two lists overlap because some worked both in the canyon and at the Ironworks.) Other prominent figures at the ironworks who were not later involved at Mountain Meadows were Samuel Leigh, George Horton, James H. Haslem, Laban Morrell, John Chatterley, Thomas Gower, Thomas Crowther and others.

			==== Higbee's Role in the Ironworks in 1857 ====

	During this period in 1857, Higbee served briefly as a teamster, hauling sand. He was more involved in August because of pressing concerns at the ironworks. In early August, he was a part of a large crew of more than 40 who built the reservoir to provide a constant supply of clean water to the steam engine. At mid-month, he was among a large crew who hauled coal down the canyon to the ironworks. He also hauled wood to the ironworks.		During this period in 1857, Higbee served briefly as a teamster, hauling sand. He was more involved in August because of pressing concerns at the ironworks. In early August, he was a part of a large crew of more than 40 who built the reservoir to provide a constant supply of clean water to the steam engine. At mid-month, he was among a large crew who hauled coal down the canyon to the ironworks. He also hauled wood to the ironworks.

1857admin: /* Leaving and Returning to Cedar City */

2012-02-29T01:02:15Z

Leaving and Returning to Cedar City

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:02, 29 February 2012
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	=== Leaving and Returning to Cedar City ===		=== Leaving and Returning to Cedar City ===

	In 1858, the Higbee family was among those who departed Cedar City. Higbee, Samuel Pollock and others traveled to lower Ash Creek, below Fort Harmony and near the encampment of Paiute headman Toquer. There they founded the new settlement of Toquerville. In 1859, Higbee was among the accused in Judge John Cradlebaugh's arrest warrant. By 1866, Higbee had returned to Cedar City. During the Black Hawk War, Higbee was a captain of a local militia unit and led various militia operations including one into the high country of the Sevier River Valley east of Cedar City.		In 1858, the Higbee family was among those who departed Cedar City. Higbee, [[Samuel_Pollock\|Samuel Pollock]] and others traveled to lower Ash Creek, below Fort Harmony and near the encampment of the Paiute headman Toquer. There they founded the new settlement of Toquerville. In 1859, Higbee was among the accused in Judge John Cradlebaugh's arrest warrant.

	By ~~1874~~, Higbee had returned to Cedar City ~~where he~~ served as president of the United Order (community cooperative) in Cedar City.		By 1866, Higbee had returned to Cedar City. During the Black Hawk War, Higbee was a captain of a local militia unit and led various militia operations including one into the high country of the Sevier River Valley east of Cedar City.

			In 1874, Higbee served as president of the United Order (community cooperative) in Cedar City.

	=== Higbee Goes into Hiding After Being Indicted for his Role in the Massacre ===		=== Higbee Goes into Hiding After Being Indicted for his Role in the Massacre ===

1857admin at 01:00, 29 February 2012

2012-02-29T01:00:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:00, 29 February 2012
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	=== Leaving and Returning to Cedar City ===		=== Leaving and Returning to Cedar City ===

	In 1858, the Higbee family was among those who ~~moved~~ to the new settlement of Toquerville. In 1859, Higbee was among the accused in Judge John Cradlebaugh's arrest warrant. By 1866, Higbee had returned to Cedar City. During the Black Hawk War, Higbee was a captain of a local militia unit and led various militia operations including one into the high country of the Sevier River Valley east of Cedar City. .		In 1858, the Higbee family was among those who departed Cedar City. Higbee, Samuel Pollock and others traveled to lower Ash Creek, below Fort Harmony and near the encampment of Paiute headman Toquer. There they founded the new settlement of Toquerville. In 1859, Higbee was among the accused in Judge John Cradlebaugh's arrest warrant. By 1866, Higbee had returned to Cedar City. During the Black Hawk War, Higbee was a captain of a local militia unit and led various militia operations including one into the high country of the Sevier River Valley east of Cedar City.

	By 1874, Higbee had returned to Cedar City where he served as president of the United Order (community cooperative) in Cedar City.		By 1874, Higbee had returned to Cedar City where he served as president of the United Order (community cooperative) in Cedar City.

	=== Higbee Goes into Hiding After Being Indicted for his Role in the Massacre ===		=== Higbee Goes into Hiding After Being Indicted for his Role in the Massacre ===
			[[Image:Higbee, JM.jpg\|right\|300px\|Higbee, JM.jpg]]
	[[Image:Higbee, JM.jpg\|right\|300px\|Higbee, JM.jpg]]The same year he was among nine Iron County militiamen indicted for murder stemming from the 1857 massacre. As arrests were made, Higbee, [[Isaac C. Haight\|Isaac Haight]] and [[William C. Stewart\|William Stewart]] fled. The 1880 census lists his wives, Mary with seven children and Eunice with six, living next door to each other in Cedar City. Higbee was absent, reportedly in Arizona. But funding and enthusiasm for prosecuting the massacre perpetrators waned in the 1880s. In the 1890s, the criminal case was still technically pending but federal officials had not actively pursued it for years. In those years, Higbee eventually returned to Cedar City.		The same year he was among nine Iron County militiamen indicted for murder stemming from the 1857 massacre. As arrests were made, Higbee, [[Isaac C. Haight\|Isaac Haight]] and [[William C. Stewart\|William Stewart]] fled. The 1880 census lists his wives, Mary with seven children and Eunice with six, living next door to each other in Cedar City. Higbee was absent, reportedly in Arizona. But funding and enthusiasm for prosecuting the massacre perpetrators waned in the 1880s. In the 1890s, the criminal case was still technically pending but federal officials had not actively pursued it for years. In those years, Higbee eventually returned to Cedar City.

	=== Higbee's Statements Relative to the Massacre ===		=== Higbee's Statements Relative to the Massacre ===
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	In those years Higbee prepared two written accounts of the massacre, one in his own name, the other under the pseudonym of "Bull Valley Snort." They include many important particulars. However, like [[John D. Lee\|John D. Lee's]] statements, an evident purpose of Higbee's statements was exculpation and blame-shifting and they must be read in that light.		In those years Higbee prepared two written accounts of the massacre, one in his own name, the other under the pseudonym of "Bull Valley Snort." They include many important particulars. However, like [[John D. Lee\|John D. Lee's]] statements, an evident purpose of Higbee's statements was exculpation and blame-shifting and they must be read in that light.

	In 1896, the federal district judge in Beaver formally dismissed the long pending criminal indictment against Higbee. He was the last of the principal indictees ([[William H. Dame\|William Dame]], [[John D. Lee\|John D. Lee]], [[Isaac C. Haight\|Isaac Haight]], Higbee and [[William C. Stewart\|William Stewart]]) still alive.~~ ~~		In 1896, the federal district judge in Beaver formally dismissed the long pending criminal indictment against Higbee. He was the last of the principal indictees ([[William H. Dame\|William Dame]], [[John D. Lee\|John D. Lee]], [[Isaac C. Haight\|Isaac Haight]], Higbee and [[William C. Stewart\|William Stewart]]) still alive.

	=== Final Years ===		=== Final Years ===
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	= References =		= References =

	Aird, Bagley and Nichols, ''Playing With Shadows,'' 268, 269, 280, 281, 317; Bagley, ''Blood of the Prophets,'' 82, 83, 116, 117, 119, 120, 126, 127, 224, 326-29, 242, 275, 280, 290, 298, 323, 326, 328, 329, 344; Bitton, ed., ''Guide to Mormon Diaries,'' 155; Bradshaw, ed., ''Under Dixie Sun,'' 37, ~~124~~, 255; Brooks, ''The Mountain Meadows Massacre,'' Appendix II, 226-235 (statement of John M. Higbee); Brooks, ''Journal of the Southern Indian Mission,'' 108; Jenson, ''Encyclopedic History of the Latter-day Saints,'' 883 (Toquerville Ward); Lee, ''Mormonism Unveiled,'' 217, 226, 232-38, 240, 241, 243-45, 247, 250-51, 272, 273, 283, 293, 379; Lee Trial transcripts; Moorman and Sessions, ''Camp Floyd and the Mormons,'' 135, 136, 150; New.familysearch.org; Novak, ''House of Mourning,'' 158, 161; Robinson, ed., ''History of Kane County,'' 304, 445; Shirts and Shirts, ''A Trial Furnace,'' ; Smith, ed., ''Journal of Jesse N. Smith,'' 177, 415; U.S. census records; Utah State Archive and Records and Service, Commissioner of Indian War Records, Indian War Service Affidavits, affidavit of Mary C. Higbee re service of John M. Higbee, accessed at [http://archives.utah.gov/research/inventories/2217.html http://archives.utah.gov/research/inventories/2217.html]; Walker, et al, ''Massacre at Mountain Meadows,'' Appendix C.		Aird, Bagley and Nichols, ''Playing With Shadows,'' 268, 269, 280, 281, 317; Bagley, ''Blood of the Prophets,'' 82, 83, 116, 117, 119, 120, 126, 127, 224, 326-29, 242, 275, 280, 290, 298, 323, 326, 328, 329, 344; Bitton, ed., ''Guide to Mormon Diaries,'' 155; Bradshaw, ed., ''Under Dixie Sun,'' 37, 134, 255; Brooks, ''The Mountain Meadows Massacre,'' Appendix II, 226-235 (statement of John M. Higbee); Brooks, ''Journal of the Southern Indian Mission,'' 108; Jenson, ''Encyclopedic History of the Latter-day Saints,'' 883 (Toquerville Ward); Lee, ''Mormonism Unveiled,'' 217, 226, 232-38, 240, 241, 243-45, 247, 250-51, 272, 273, 283, 293, 379; Lee Trial transcripts; Moorman and Sessions, ''Camp Floyd and the Mormons,'' 135, 136, 150; New.familysearch.org; Novak, ''House of Mourning,'' 158, 161; Robinson, ed., ''History of Kane County,'' 304, 445; Shirts and Shirts, ''A Trial Furnace,'' ; Smith, ed., ''Journal of Jesse N. Smith,'' 177, 415; U.S. census records; Utah State Archive and Records and Service, Commissioner of Indian War Records, Indian War Service Affidavits, affidavit of Mary C. Higbee re service of John M. Higbee, accessed at [http://archives.utah.gov/research/inventories/2217.html http://archives.utah.gov/research/inventories/2217.html]; Walker, et al, ''Massacre at Mountain Meadows,'' Appendix C.

	For full bibliographic information see [[Bibliography]].		For full bibliographic information see [[Bibliography]].

1857admin at 00:55, 29 February 2012

2012-02-29T00:55:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:55, 29 February 2012
Line 95:		Line 95:
	= References =		= References =

	Aird, Bagley and Nichols, ''Playing With Shadows,'' 268, 269, 280, 281, 317; Bagley, ''Blood of the Prophets,'' 82, 83, 116, 117, 119, 120, 126, 127, 224, 326-29, 242, 275, 280, 290, 298, 323, 326, 328, 329, 344; Bitton, ed., ''Guide to Mormon Diaries,'' 155; Bradshaw, ed., ''Under Dixie Sun,'' ; Brooks, ''The Mountain Meadows Massacre,'' Appendix II, 226-235 (statement of John M. Higbee); Brooks, ''Journal of the Southern Indian Mission,'' 108; Jenson, ''Encyclopedic History of the Latter-day Saints,'' 883 (Toquerville Ward); Lee, ''Mormonism Unveiled,'' 217, 226, 232-38, 240, 241, 243-45, 247, 250-51, 272, 273, 283, 293, 379; Lee Trial transcripts; Moorman and Sessions, ''Camp Floyd and the Mormons,'' 135, 136, 150; New.familysearch.org; Novak, ''House of Mourning,'' 158, 161; Robinson, ed., ''History of Kane County,'' 304, 445; Shirts and Shirts, ''A Trial Furnace,'' ; Smith, ed., ''Journal of Jesse N. Smith,'' 177, 415; U.S. census records; Utah State Archive and Records and Service, Commissioner of Indian War Records, Indian War Service Affidavits, affidavit of Mary C. Higbee re service of John M. Higbee, accessed at [http://archives.utah.gov/research/inventories/2217.html http://archives.utah.gov/research/inventories/2217.html]; Walker, et al, ''Massacre at Mountain Meadows,'' Appendix C.		Aird, Bagley and Nichols, ''Playing With Shadows,'' 268, 269, 280, 281, 317; Bagley, ''Blood of the Prophets,'' 82, 83, 116, 117, 119, 120, 126, 127, 224, 326-29, 242, 275, 280, 290, 298, 323, 326, 328, 329, 344; Bitton, ed., ''Guide to Mormon Diaries,'' 155; Bradshaw, ed., ''Under Dixie Sun,'' 37, 124, 255; Brooks, ''The Mountain Meadows Massacre,'' Appendix II, 226-235 (statement of John M. Higbee); Brooks, ''Journal of the Southern Indian Mission,'' 108; Jenson, ''Encyclopedic History of the Latter-day Saints,'' 883 (Toquerville Ward); Lee, ''Mormonism Unveiled,'' 217, 226, 232-38, 240, 241, 243-45, 247, 250-51, 272, 273, 283, 293, 379; Lee Trial transcripts; Moorman and Sessions, ''Camp Floyd and the Mormons,'' 135, 136, 150; New.familysearch.org; Novak, ''House of Mourning,'' 158, 161; Robinson, ed., ''History of Kane County,'' 304, 445; Shirts and Shirts, ''A Trial Furnace,'' ; Smith, ed., ''Journal of Jesse N. Smith,'' 177, 415; U.S. census records; Utah State Archive and Records and Service, Commissioner of Indian War Records, Indian War Service Affidavits, affidavit of Mary C. Higbee re service of John M. Higbee, accessed at [http://archives.utah.gov/research/inventories/2217.html http://archives.utah.gov/research/inventories/2217.html]; Walker, et al, ''Massacre at Mountain Meadows,'' Appendix C.

	For full bibliographic information see [[Bibliography]].		For full bibliographic information see [[Bibliography]].

1857admin at 00:54, 29 February 2012

2012-02-29T00:54:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:54, 29 February 2012
Line 95:		Line 95:
	= References =		= References =

	Aird, Bagley and Nichols, ''Playing With Shadows,'' 268, 269, 280, 281, 317; Bagley, ''Blood of the Prophets,'' 82, 83, 116, 117, 119, 120, 126, 127, 224, 326-29, 242, 275, 280, 290, 298, 323, 326, 328, 329, 344; Bitton, ed., ''Guide to Mormon Diaries,'' 155; Brooks, ''The Mountain Meadows Massacre,'' Appendix II, 226-235 (statement of John M. Higbee); Brooks, ''Journal of the Southern Indian Mission,'' 108; Jenson, ''Encyclopedic History of the Latter-day Saints,'' 883 (Toquerville Ward); Lee, ''Mormonism Unveiled,'' 217, 226, 232-38, 240, 241, 243-45, 247, 250-51, 272, 273, 283, 293, 379; Lee Trial transcripts; Moorman and Sessions, ''Camp Floyd and the Mormons,'' 135, 136, 150; New.familysearch.org; Novak, ''House of Mourning,'' 158, 161; Robinson, ed., ''History of Kane County,'' 304, 445; Shirts and Shirts, ''A Trial Furnace,'' ; Smith, ed., ''Journal of Jesse N. Smith,'' 177, 415; U.S. census records; Utah State Archive and Records and Service, Commissioner of Indian War Records, Indian War Service Affidavits, affidavit of Mary C. Higbee re service of John M. Higbee, accessed at [http://archives.utah.gov/research/inventories/2217.html http://archives.utah.gov/research/inventories/2217.html]; Walker, et al, ''Massacre at Mountain Meadows,'' Appendix C.		Aird, Bagley and Nichols, ''Playing With Shadows,'' 268, 269, 280, 281, 317; Bagley, ''Blood of the Prophets,'' 82, 83, 116, 117, 119, 120, 126, 127, 224, 326-29, 242, 275, 280, 290, 298, 323, 326, 328, 329, 344; Bitton, ed., ''Guide to Mormon Diaries,'' 155; Bradshaw, ed., ''Under Dixie Sun,'' ; Brooks, ''The Mountain Meadows Massacre,'' Appendix II, 226-235 (statement of John M. Higbee); Brooks, ''Journal of the Southern Indian Mission,'' 108; Jenson, ''Encyclopedic History of the Latter-day Saints,'' 883 (Toquerville Ward); Lee, ''Mormonism Unveiled,'' 217, 226, 232-38, 240, 241, 243-45, 247, 250-51, 272, 273, 283, 293, 379; Lee Trial transcripts; Moorman and Sessions, ''Camp Floyd and the Mormons,'' 135, 136, 150; New.familysearch.org; Novak, ''House of Mourning,'' 158, 161; Robinson, ed., ''History of Kane County,'' 304, 445; Shirts and Shirts, ''A Trial Furnace,'' ; Smith, ed., ''Journal of Jesse N. Smith,'' 177, 415; U.S. census records; Utah State Archive and Records and Service, Commissioner of Indian War Records, Indian War Service Affidavits, affidavit of Mary C. Higbee re service of John M. Higbee, accessed at [http://archives.utah.gov/research/inventories/2217.html http://archives.utah.gov/research/inventories/2217.html]; Walker, et al, ''Massacre at Mountain Meadows,'' Appendix C.

	For full bibliographic information see [[Bibliography]].		For full bibliographic information see [[Bibliography]].